全国管理类联考，管理类联考时间分配
section ⅰ use of english
here’s a common scenario that any number of entrepreneurs face today: you’re the ceo of a small business and though you're making a nice 1 , you need to find a way to take it to the next level. what you need to do is 2 growth by establishing a growth team. a growth team is made up of members from different departments within your company, and it harnesses the power of collaboration to focus 3 on finding ways to grow.let's look at a real-world 4 . prior to forming a growth team, the software company bittorrent had 50 employees.working in the 5 departments of engineering, marketing and product development. this brought them good results until 2012, when their growth plateaued. the 6 was that too many customers were using the basic, free version of their product. and 7 improvements to the premium, paid version, few people were making the upgrade.things changed, 8 , when an innovative project marketing manager came aboard, 9 a growth team and sparked the kind of 10 perspective they needed. by looking at engineering issues from a marketing point of view, it became clear that the 11 of upgrades wasn't due to a quality issue. most customers were simply unaware of the premium version and what it offered.armed with this 12 , the marketing and engineering teams joined forces to raise awareness by prominently 13 the premium version to users of the free version. 14 , upgrades skyrocketed, and revenue increased by 92 percent.but in order for your growth, team to succeed, it needs to a have a strong leader. it needs someone who can 15 the interdisciplinary team and keep them on course for improvement.this leader will 16 the target area, set clear goals and establish a time frame for the 17 of these goals. this growth leader is also 18 for keeping the team focus on moving forward and steer them clear of distractions. 19 attractive, new ideas can be distracting, the team leader must recognize when these ideas don’t 20 the current goal and need to be put on the back burner.
1.a.purchase b.profit c.connection d.bet
2.a.define b.predict c.prioritize d.appreciate
3.a.exclusively b.temporarily c.potentially d.initially
4.a.experiment b.proposal c.debate d.example
5.a.identical b.marginal c.provisional d.traditional
6.a.rumor b.secret c.myth d.problem
7.a.despite b.unlike c.through d.besides
8.a.moreover b.however c.therefore d.again
9.a.inspected b.created c.expanded d.reformed
10.a.cultural b.objective c.fresh d.personal
11.a.end b.burden c.lack d.decrease
12.a.policy b.suggestion c.purpose d.insight
13.a.contributing b.allocating c.promoting d.transferring
14.a.as a result b.at any rate c.by the way d.in a sense
15.a.unite b.finance c.follow d.choose
16.a.share b.identify c.divide d.broaden
17.a.announcement b.assessment c.adjustment d.accomplishment
18.a.famous b.responsible c.available d.respectable
19.a.before b.once c.while d.unless
20.a.serve b.limit c.summarize d.alter
section ⅱ reading comprehension
part a
text 1
in the quest for the perfect lawn,homeowners across the country are taking a shortcut-and it is theenvironment that is paying the price.about eight million square metres of plastic grass is sold each year butopposition has now spread to the highest gardening circles.the chelsea flower show has banned fakegrass from this year's event,declaring it to be not part of its ethos.the royal horticultural society (rhs),which runs the annual show in west london,says it has introduced the ban because of the damage plasticgrass does to the environment and biodiversity.ed horne,of the rhs,said:"we launched our sustainability strategy last year and fake grass is just notin line with our ethos and views on plastic.we recommend using real grass because of its environmentalbenefits,which include supporting wildlife,alleviating flooding and cooling the environment."the rhs's decision comes as campaigners try to raise awareness of the problems fake grass causes.atwitter account,which claims to"cut through the green-wash"of artificial grass,already has more than20,000 followers.it is trying to encourage people to sign two petitions,one calling for a ban on the sale ofplastic grass and another calling for an "ecological damage"tax on such lawns.they have gathered 7,276and 11,282 signatureshowever,supporters of fake grass point out that there is also an environmental impact with naturallawns,which need mowing and therefore usually consume electricity or petrol.the industry also points outthat real grass requires considerable amounts of water,weed killer or other treatments and that people wholay fake grass tend to use their garden more.the industry also claims that people who lay fake grass spendan average of f500 on trees or shrubs for their garden,which provides habitat for insects.in response to another petition last year about banning fake lawns,which gathered 30,000 signatures,the government responded that it has"no plans to ban the use of artificial grassit added:"we prefer to help people and organizations make the right choice rather than legislating onsuch matters,however the use of artificial grass must comply with the legal and policy safeguards in placetoprotect biodiversity and ensure sustainable drainage,while measures such as the strengthened biodiversity duty should serve to encourage public authorities to consider sustainable afternatives.
21. the rhs thinks that plastic grass_____
a. is harmful to the environmentb. is a hot topic in gardening circlesc. is overpraised in the annual showd. is ruining the view of west london
22. the petitions mentioned in paragraph 3 revealed the campaigners’
a. disappointment with the rhsb. resistance to fake grass usec. anger over the proposed taxd. concern about real grass supply
23. in paragraph 4, supporters of fake grass point out______
a. the necessity to lower the costs of fake grassb. the disadvantages of growing real grassc. the way to take care of artificial lawnsd. the challenges of insect habitat protection
24. what would the government do with regard to artificial grass?
a. urge legislation to restrict its useb. take measures to guarantee its qualityc. remind its users to obey existing rules.d. replace it with sustainable alternatives.
25. it can be learned from the text that fake grass____
a. is being improved continuouslyb. has seen a market share declinec. is becoming increasing affordabled. has been a controversial product
text 2
it's easy to dismiss as absurd the trump administration's ideas for plugging the chronic funding gap of ournational parks.can anyone really think it's a good idea to allow amazon deliveries to your tent in yosemiteor food trucks to line up under the redwood trees at sequoia national park?but the administration is right about one thing:u.s.national parks are in crisis.collectively,they have amaintenance backlog of more than $12 billion.roads,trails,restrooms,visitor centers and otherinfrastructure are crumbling.but privatizing and commercializing the campgrounds would not be the panacea that the interiordepartment's outdoor advisory committee would have us believe.campgrounds are a tiny portion of theoverall infrastructure backlog,and concessionaires in the parks hand over,on average,only about 5%oftheir revenues to the national park service.moreover,increased privatization would certainly undercut one of the major reasons why 300 millionvisitors come to the parks each year:to enjoy nature and get a respite from the commercial drumbeat thaterwhelms daily life.the real problem is that the parks have been chronically starved of funding.we conducted acomprehensive survey examining how u.s.residents view their national parks,and we found thatamericans place a very high value on them-whether or not they actually visit them.the peer-reviewedeconomic survey of 700 u.s.taxpayers,conducted by mail and internet,also found that people would bewilling to pay a significant amount of money to make sure the parks and their programs are kept intact.some 81%of respondents said they would be willing to pay additional taxes for the next 10 years to avoidany cuts to the national parks.the national parks provide great value to u.s.residents both as places to escape and as symbols of nature.on top of this,they produce value from their extensive educational programs,their positive impact on theclimate through carbon sequestration,their contribution to our cultural and artistic life,and of coursethrough tourism.the parks also help keep america's past alive,working with thousands of localjurisdictions around the country to protect historical sites-including ellis island and gettysburg-and tobring the stories of these places to life.the parks do all this on a shoestring.congress allocates only $3 billion a year to the national park system-an amount that has been flat since 2001(in inflation-adjusted dollars)with the exception of a onetime boost in 2009 as prat of the obama stimulus package. meanwhile, the number of annual visitors has increased by more than 50% since 1980, and now stands at 330 million visitors per year.
26.what problem are us national parks faced with?
a.decline of business profits.b.inadequate commercialization.c.lack of transportation services.d.poorly maintained infrastructure.
27.increased privatization of the campgrounds may .
a. spoil visitor experienceb. help preserve naturec. bring operational pressured. boost visits to parks
28.according to paragraph 5, most respondents in the survey would
a. go to the national parks on a regular basis.b.advocate a bigger budget for the national parks.c.agree to pay extra for the national parks.d.support the national parks’ recent reforms.29.the national parks are valuable in that theya.lead the way in tourism.b.have historical significance.c.sponsor research on climate.d. provide an income for the locals.
30.it can be concluded from the text that the national park system
a.is able to cope with staff shortage.b.is able to meet visitor’s demands.c.is in need of a new price policy.d.is in need of a funding increase.
text 3
having a destructive effect on society,but sparrow sees an upside.perhaps,she suggests,the trend willchange our approach to learning from a focus on individual facts and memorization to an emphasis onmore conceptual thinking something that is not available on the internet."i personally have never seen allthat much intellectual value in memorizing things,"sparrow says,adding that we haven't lost our ability todo it.still other experts say it's too soon to understand how the internet affects our brains.there is noexperimental evidence showing that it interferes with our ability to focus,for instance,wrote psychologistschristopher chabris and daniel.j.simons.and surfing the web exercised the brain more than reading didamong computer-savvy older adults in a 2008 study involving 24 participants at the semel institute for neuroscience and human behavior at the university of california,los angeles."there may be costs associated with our increased reliance on the internet,but i'd have to imagine thatoverall the benefits are going to outweigh those costs,"observes psychology professor benjamin storm."itseems pretty clear that memory is changing,but is it changing for the better?at this pinnt of no.”
31. sparrow’s study show that with the internet, the human brain will____
a. analyze information in detailb. collect information efficientlyc. switch its focus of memoryd. extend its memory duration
32. the process of “cognitive offloading ”_______
a. helps us identify false informationb. keeps our memory from failingc. enables us to classify trivial factsd. lessens our memory burdens
33. which of the following would sparrows support about the internet?
a. it may reform our learning approachb. it may impact our society negativelyc. it may enhance our adaptability to technologyd. it may interfere with our conceptual thinking
34. it is indicated in paragraph 3 that how the internet affects our brains_____
a. requires further academic researchb. is most studied in older adultsc. is reflected in our reading speedd. depends on our web-surfing habits
35. neither sparrows nor storm would agree that______
a. our reliance on the internet will be costlyb. the internet is weakening our memoryc. memory exercise is a must for our brainsd. our ability to fucus declines with age
text 4
teenagers are paradoxical.that's a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often expresswith considerably stronger language.but the paradox is scientific as well as personal.in adolescence,helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything becomeindependent people who can take care of themselves and help each other.at the same time,once cheerfuland compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.a new study published in the journal child development,by eveline crone of the university of leiden andcolleagues,suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand.the study is part of anew wave of thinking about adolescence.for a long time scientists and policy makers concentrated on theidea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved.the new work emphasizes that adolescence isa time of opportunity as well as risk.the researchers studied prosocial and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults,rangingfrom 11 to 28 yearsold.the participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that werealtruistic and positive like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend,or rebellious and negative likegetting drunk or staying out late.other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades awayas you grow older.but the new study shows that interestingly,the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior.teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishlyhelp a friend.most significantly,there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness.the teenagerswho were more rebellious were also more likely to help others.the good and bad sides of adolescencseem to develop together.is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments?one idea is thatteenage behavigris related to what researchers call"reward sensitivity.decision-making always involvesbalancing rewards and risks,benefits and costs."reward sensitivity"measures how much reward it takes tooutweigh risk.teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards-winning the game.impressing a new friend,gettingthat boy to notice you.reward sensitivity like prosocial behavior and risk-taking,seems to go up inadolescence and then down again as we age.somehow,when you hit 30,the chance that somethingexciting and new will happen at that party just doesn't seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off thecouch.36.according to paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to .a.develop opposite personality traits.b.see the world in an unreasonable way.c.have fond memories of their past.d.show affection for their parents.37.it can be learned form paragraph 2 that crone’s studya. explores teenagers’ social responsibilities.b. examines teenagers’ emotional problems.c. provides a new insight into adolescence.d. highlights negative adolescent behavior.38.what does crone’s study find about prosocial behavior?a.it results from the wish to cooperate.b.it is cultivated through education.c.it is subject to family influence.d.it tends to peak in adolescence.39.it can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagersa.overstress their influence on others.b.care a lot about social recognition.c.become anxious about their future.d.endeavor to live a joyful life.40.what is the text mainly about?a.why teenagers are self-contradictory.b.why teenagers are sensitive.c.how teenagers develop prosociality.d.how teenagers become independent.part bdirections:read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. there are two extra choices in the right column. mark your answers on the answer sheet. (10 points)new building regulations aimed at improving energy efficiency are set to increase the price of new homes, as well as those of extensions and loft conversions on existing ones.the rules, which came into effect on wednesday in england, are part of government plans to reduce the uk’s carbon emissions to net zero by 2050. they set new standards for ventilation, energy efficiency and heating, and state that new residential buildings must have charging points for electric vehicles.the moves are the most significant change to building regulations in years, and industry experts say they will inevitably lead to higher prices at a time when a shortage of materials and high labour costs is already driving up bills.brian berry, chief executive of the federation of master builders, a trade group for small and medium-sized builders, says the measures will require new materials, testing methods, products and systems to be installed. “all this comes at an increased cost during a time when prices are already sky high. inevitably, consumers will have to pay more,” he says.gareth belsham, of surveyors naismiths, says people who are upgrading, or extending their home, will be directly affected.“the biggest changes relate to heating and insulation,” he says. “there are new rules concerning the amount of glazing used in extensions, and any new windows or doors must be highly insulated.”the changes could mean an extra £3,000 added to the bill of an average home extension, according to jonathan rolande of the national association of property buyers, a group of professionals aimed at raising construction standards.homeowners extending may see the amount of space they have decrease, as walls will have to be thicker in order to comply with requirements for better insulation.andrew mellor, of prp architects, says external walls will need to be about 7cm thicker than previously.windows and doors will have to adhere to higher standards, while there are new limits on the amount of glazing you can have to reduce unwanted heat from the sun.thomas goodman, of myjobquote, a site which sources quotes, says this will bring in new restrictions for extensions.“glazing on windows, doors and roof lights must cover no more than 25% of the floor area to prevent heat loss, ” he says.as properties become more airtight, there are also measures to ensure proper airflow, such as having small openings (trickle vents) on windows that allow ventilation when a window is closed.for people extending their homes, they may be required to install a new, or replacement, heating system depending on the size of the build, says belsham. these will have to use lower temperature water to deliver the same heat, which will require increased insulation of pipes.“we’ll see more insulation, better lighting design and restrictions on the amount of glass used in some areas. but with more thermal-efficient homes can come the risk of overheating due to solar gain, and so ventilation is also covered,” says rolande. “as a result, double-glazed windows will require trickle vents to let heat escape and also to provide fresh air for health reasons and, of course, to reduce the risk of condensation build up in an ever-more airtight property.”as the rules came into effect last wednesday, property developers were rushing to file plans just before the deadline, according to belsham. any plans submitted before that date are considered to be under the previous rules, and can go ahead as long as work starts before 15 june next year.an average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regsbuilders which have costed projects, but have not filed the paperwork, may need to go back and submit fresh estimates, says marcus jefford of build aviator, which prices projects.as the changes are aimed to make homes more energy efficient, they will eventually drive down heating bills. but in the short-term homeowners are likely to face higher costs for work.materials prices are already up 25% in the last two years, according to figures from the construction products association.how much overall prices will increase as a result of the rule changes is not clear. “while admirable in their intentions, they will add to the cost of housebuilding at a time when many already feel that they are priced out of homeownership,” says rolande. “an average extension will probably see around £3,000 additional cost thanks to the new regs.”john kelly, a construction lawyer at freeths law firm, believes prices will eventually come down. but not in the immediate future. “as the marketplace adapts to the new requirements, and the technologies that support them, the scaling up of these technologies will eventually bring costs down, but in the short term, we will all have to pay the price of the necessary transition,” he says.however, the long-term effects of the changes will be more comfortable and energy-efficient homes, adds mellor. “homeowners will probably recoup that cost over time in energy bill savings. it will obviously be very volatile at the moment, but they will have that benefit over time.”
[a] the rise of home prices is a temporary matte
41. brain berry[b] builders possibly need to submit new estimates of their projects.
42. gareth belsham[c] there will be specific limits on home extensions to prevent heat loss.
43. marcus jefford[d] the new rules will take home prices to an even higher level.
44. john kelly[e] many people feel that home prices are already beyond what they can afford.
45. andrew mellor[f] the new rules will affect people whose home extensions include new windows or doors.
[g] the rule changes will benefit homeowners eventually.
【41】d
【42】f
【43】b
【44】a
【45】g
section iii translation
【46】
in the late 18th century, william wordsworth became famous for his poems about nature. and he was one of the founders of a movement called romanticism, which celebrated the wonders of the natural world.poetry is powerful. its energy and rhythm can capture a reader, transport them to another world and make then see things differently. through carefully selected words and phrases, poems can be dramatic, funny, beautiful, moving and inspiring.no one knows for sure when poetry began but it has been around for thousands of years, even before people could write. it was a way to tell stories and pass down history. it is closely related to song and even when written it is usually created to be performed out loud. poems really come to life when they ave recited. this can also help with understanding them too, because the rhythm and sounds of the words become clearer.
译文参考：
18世纪晚期，威廉·华兹华斯因其关于自然的诗歌而闻名。他是浪漫主义运动的创始人之一，该运动颂扬自然世界的奇迹。诗歌是有力量的。它的能量和节奏可以吸引读者，将读者带到另一个世界，让他们以不同的方式看待事物。通过精心挑选的词语和短语，诗歌可以是戏剧性的、有趣的、美丽的、动人的和鼓舞人心的。没有人确切地知道诗歌是什么时候开始的，但它已经存在了数千年，甚至在人们会写字之前。这是一种讲述故事和传承历史的方式。它与歌曲密切相关，即使是写出来的，也通常是为了大声表演而创作的。当诗歌被朗诵出来时，才真正活起来。因为朗诵出来，单词的节奏和发音变得更加清晰，所以这也有助于人们理解诗歌。
section iv writing
part a
【47】
directions:an art exhibition and a robot show are to be held on sunday, and your friend david asks you which one he should go to.write him an email to1) make a suggestion, and2) give your reason(s)you should write about 100 words on the answer sheet.do not use your own name. use “li ming” instead. (10 points)
part b48.
directions:write an essay based on the chart below. in your writing, you should1) interpret the chart, and2) give your comments.you should write about 150 words on the answer sheet.(15 points)健康素养（health literacy）是指个人获取和理解基本健康信息和服务，并运用这些信息和服务做出正确决策，以维护和促进自身健康的能力。健康素养水平指具备基本健康的人在总人群（15-69岁城乡居民）中所占的比例。
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